In a blockchain-based decentralized cloud storage system, there is often a many-to-many relationship between storage users and storage service providers. At the same time, as the system is deployed in a point-to-point and low-trust environment where there is no centralized management, it is essential to address the crucial issues of

he quality of fault-tolerant mechanism is a significant indicator of the performance of a computer system. In the field of data storage, fault-tolerant mechanism refers to a technology by which the system can automatically restore the damaged or lost data to the state prior to the accident in the event

In the rapidly evolving digital era, the safeguarding and efficient management of data has become paramount. Traditional data storage systems, while foundational to the digital infrastructure of the 21st century, often grapple with issues of centralization, vulnerability to attacks, and concerns over privacy and data integrity. Enter the revolutionary concept

Money has been a part of human history for at least 3,000 years, in some different forms. Historians largely agree that bartering was undoubtedly used before that period. For example, a farmer might barter a bushel of wheat for a pair of shoes from a shoemaker. These plans, however,

在信息技术领域，数据安全一直是一个严重的问题。在传统方法中，它在云计算环境中变得更加危险，因为数据存储在多个位置，甚至在全球范围内。用户对云技术最大的关注点是数据安全和隐私保护。尽管学术界和工业界已经研究了许多关于云计算主题的技术，但数据安全和隐私保护对于云计算技术在政府、行业和企业的未来发展变得越来越重要。此外，当数据移动到云端时，用户会失去对云端的控制，云数据可能不安全，并且容易受到大量攻击。云存储安全具有广泛的影响力，公众对用户隐私的关注正在扩大。 然而，目前的云存储系统存在一些弊端，例如集中式数据存储会危及服务器安全，并且需要受信任的第三方，这使得用户隐私保护成为一场噩梦。在当今分散的云计算中，许多数据中心的数据不是分布式的。因此，数据安全性、完整性和可用性都会受到损害。近年来，世界各地的知名媒体一直在报道围绕云存储的安全风险，例如消费者的文件在iCloud上被泄露。例如，2009 年，在线书签服务发生重大数据故障，导致客户书签完全丢失。此外，在 2008 年，一家名为“The Linkup”的云公司拥有超过 20,000 名付费用户，由于毁灭性的系统崩溃，他们丢失了大部分数

The internet is arguably the most important technology revolution in the history of humankind. In the mid-1990s, the World Wide Web made its way into our living rooms, and it has since extended to practically every room in every house in the world in some way. The internet has gone